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Lesson2SectionONE:Task1:FilmEditingInterviewer:IsfilmeditingaComplicatedjob?FilmEditor:Ohyes,alotofpeopleprobablydon'tknowhowcomplicatedajobitcanbe.It,sfarmorethanjuststickingpiecesoffilmtogether.Interviewer:Howlongdoesittaketoeditafilm?FilmEditor:Well,itdepends.Youcanprobablyexpecttoedita1O-minutefilminaboutaweek.A35-minutedocumentary,liketheoneI'meditingatpresent,takesaminimumoffourtofiveweekstoedit.Interviewer:Canyouexplaintomehowfilmeditingworks?FilmEditor:Therearedifferentsteps.'Synchingup,forexample.Interviewer:Whatdoyoumeanbysynchingup?FilmEditor:Itmeansmatchingsoundandpicturesandthatisusuallydonebymyassistant.Thefilmandthesoundtapehavenumbersstampedalongtheedgewhichhavetobematched.Thedetailsofthefilmandthesoundarealsorecordedinalogbook,soit'squickandeasytofindaparticulartakeanditssoundtrack.Thisoperationiscalledloggingandisagaindonebymyassistant.Interviewer:Sowhatdoyouusuallydoyourself?FilmEditor:Alotofthings,ofcourse.First,Ihavetoviewallthematerialtomakeafirstselectionofthebesttakes.There'salotoffilmtolookthroughbecausetomakeasequenceworkthewayyouwant,youneedalotofshotstochoosefrom.Interviewer:Doesthatmeanthatyouhavetodiscardsequences?FilmEditor:Ohyes.Onaverageforeveryfootofeditedfilm,youneedtwelvetimesasmuchuneditedfilmandthereforeyouhavetocompromiseand,ofcourse,discardsomeofit.Interviewer:Whatdoyoudoafterselectingthematerial?FilmEditor:Firstofall,Iprepareaninitialversionofthefilm,a'roughcut'asitiscalled.ThatmeansthatIactuallycutthefilmintopiecesandstickthemtogetheragainintheneworder.Interviewer:Andafterthis'roughcut*whathappens?FilmEditor:Well,afterthe'roughcut'comesthe,finecut'whenthefilmtakesitsfinalform.Theproducerand(hedirectorcomeinforaviewing.Somesmallchangesmaythenbenecessary,butwhenthe'finecut'hasbeenapprovedbyeveryone,thisisthefinalversionofthefilm.Interviewer:Atthispointisthefilmreadyfordistribution?FilmEditor:Ohno.Afterthefinalversionofthefilmhasbeenapproved,thereisthedubbing,therearevoices,music,backgroundnoisesandsometimesspecialeffectstobeputtogetherforthesoundtrack.Andafterthedubbing,theeditedfilmissenttothe,neg'cutters.Interviewer:Whatdothe,neg,cuttersdo?FilmEditor:Theycuttheoriginalnegativesonthefilms,sothatthesematchtheeditedfilmexactly.AndafterallthatcomesthebestpartIcansitdownquietlywithmyfeetupandenjoywatchingthefilm!Man:Hi.Woman:Hi.Man:What'dyoudolastnight?Woman:IwatchedTV.TherewasareallygoodmoviecalledSoylentGreen.Man:SoylentGreen?Woman:Yeah.CharltonHestonwasinit.Man:What'sitabout?Woman:Oh,it'saboutlifeinNewYorkintheyear2022.Man:IwonderifNewYorkwillstillbeherein2022.Woman:Inthismovie,in2022.Man:Yeah?Woman:.NewYorkhasfortymillionpeople.Man:Ouch!Woman:Andtwentymillionofthemareunemployed.Man:HowmanypeopleliveinNewYorknow?Aboutsevenoreightmillion?Woman:Yeah,Ithinkthat,sright.Man:Mm-hmm.Youknow,ifit,shardenoughtofindanapartmentnowinNewYorkCity,what'sitgoingtobelikein2022?Woman:Well,inthismoviemostpeoplehavenoapartment.Sothousandssleeponthestepsofbuildings.(Uh-huh.)Peoplewhodohaveaplacetolivehavetocrawloversleepingpeopletogetinside.Andthereareshortagesofeverything.Thesoilissopollutedthatnothingwillgrow.(Ooo.)Andtheairissopollutedtheyneverseethesun.It'sreallyawful.Man:IthinkmgoingtoavoidgoingtoNewYorkCityintheyear2022.Woman:Andtherewasthisscenewherethestar,CharltonHeston,goesintoahousewheresomeveryrichpeoplelive.Man:Uh-huh.Woman:Hecan,tbelieveit,becausetheyhaverunningwaterandtheyhavesoap.Man:Really?Woman:Andthenhegoesintothekitchenandtheyhavetomatoesandlettuceandbeef.Healmostcriesbecausehe,sneverseenrealfoodinhislife,youknow,especiallythebeef.Itwasamazingforhim.Man:Well,ifmostpeoplehavenorealfood,whatdotheyeat?Woman:Theyeatsomethingcalledsoylent.Man:Soylent?Woman:Yeah.There'ssoylentredandsoylentyellowandsoylentgreen.Thefirsttwoaremadeoutofsoybeans.Butthesoylentgreenismadeoutofoceanplants.(Ugh.)Thepeopleeatitlikecrackers.That'salltheyhavetoeat.Man:Thatsoundsdisgusting.Woman:Well,youknow,itreallyisn,tthatfarfromreality.Man:No?Woman:Yeah.Because,youknowthegreenhouseeffectthat'sbeginningnowandheatinguptheearth.Man:Oh,yeah,I'veheardaboutthat.Woman:.becausewe'reputtingthepollutantsintheatmosphere,youknow?Man:Mm-hmm.Woman:Imean,inthismovieNewYorkhasninetydegreesweatherallyearlong.Anditcouldreallyhappen.Uh.likenow,we.wehavefuelshortages.Andinthemoviethere,ssolittleelectricitythatpeoplehavetoridebicyclestomakeit.Man:Youknowsomething?Idon,tthinkthatmovieisatruepredictionofthefuture.Woman:Idon'tknow.Itscaresme.Ithinkitmightbe.Man:Really?Woman:Well,yeah.SectionTwo:Task1:AmericanIndiansThenativeAmericans,thepeoplewecallthe'Indians',hadbeeninAmericaformanythousandsofyearsbeforeChristopherColumbusarrivedin1492.ColumbusthoughthehadarrivedinIndia,sohecalledthenativepeople'Indians'.TheIndianswerekindtotheearlysettlers.Theywerenotafraidofthemandtheywantedtohelpthem.Theyshowedthesettlersthenewworldaroundthem;theytaughtthemaboutthelocalcropslikesweetpotatoe