泰勒主义.docx

ACriticalStudyonBehaviorismandTaylorismIntroductionUndertheinfluenceofmechanism,behaviorismandscientificmanagementtheoryhavegraduallydeveloped,andaffectedthefbllow-updevelopmentofmanagementtheory.Thispaperanalyzesthetheoryofmechanismandbehaviorism,anddiscussestheirinfluenceonTaylorism.ItalsoanalyzestheapplicationandlimitationsofTaylorisminmodemorganizations.TheideaofstandardizedproductionandmaterialrewardsystemproposedbyTaylordoctrinehavebeenwidelyusedinmodernenterprisemanagementpractice,whichhasplayedapositiveroleinlarge-scaleproductionandimprovinglaborefficiency.However,Taylordoctrineignorespeople'sneedsforthepsychologicalandspiritualworld,andmechanicalmanagementdistortshumannature,whichhasbecomeanimportantdefectofTaylordoctrine.EnterprisesneedtoavoidtheselimitationsintheprocessofapplyingTaylordoctrine.1. Mechanismandbehaviorism1.1 MechanistictheoryMechanismisaschoolofphilosophy.Mechanisminsiststhatobjectiveobjectsconstitutetheworld.Theseobjectsmovemechanically.Thesesubstancescanbeperceivedandunderstoodbyhumanbeings,buttheywillnotrelyonhumanthoughts.Whathumanbeingsperceivecanonlybesomecharacteristicsofmatter(Brown,&1.adyman,2019).Mattermovesmechanicallyaccordingtothelaw.Naturalphenomenaareproducedbythemechanicalmovementofmatter,andthisistheonlyreason.Mechanismevenbelievesthatmanisabiologicalmachine.Althoughitisexquisitelyconstructed,itisstillmovingmechanicallyinessence(Liu,J2007).Mechanismdefinesthehumanbodyasakindofmaterialmechanicalmovement,andputshumanconsciousness,emotionandthinkinginasubordinateposition(Lodge,2014).ThisconcepthasaffectedthedevelopingbehaviorismandTaylorism.Scholarsbegantopayattentiontothechangesofhumanbehaviorandexternalenvironmenttobehaviormachinery,thusreducingtheattentiontohumanpsychologicalandspiritualneeds.1.2 BehaviorismBehaviorismisanimportantschoolseparatedfrompsychology.Behaviorismtheorytakespredictingandcontrollingthebehavioroforganismsasthemainresearchcontent.Thistheoryabsorbstheviewpointsof,'matterconstitutestheworldanddoesnotdependonhumanconsciousness'*and,'themechanicalmovementofmatteristheonlyreasonfortheformationofnaturalphenomena"inmechanism.Behaviorismtheoryalsoadvocatesshiftingthefocusofresearchfromhumanpsychologyandconsciousnesstothebehavioroforganisms(Mahoney,1989).Behaviorismattemptstodeveloppsychologyintoacompletenaturalscience.Behaviorismemphasizestheuseofobjectiveobservationtostudybehavior.Scholarstrytoestablishthefunctionbetweenenvironmentalstimuliandorganicbehaviorbyobservingandstudyingtheconnectionlawbetweenstimuliandbehavior,sothattheycanpredictandcontrolcollectivebehaviorbyadjustingenvironmentalstimuli.Classicalbehaviorismholdsthatthebehavioroforganismsisacollectionofindividualreactions,andindividualreactionsarenotinnate,butobtainedbyorganismsthroughlearningandconsolidationunderthestimulationofenvironmentalfactors,andemphasizestheinterpretationofbehaviorphenomenabypureandobjectivestandcirds(Skinner,1977).Newbehaviorismintegratessomepsychologicalviewpoints.Whileemphasizingthebasisofobjectivematerial,italsoputsforwardthatthereispurposeandlogicinthebehavioroforganisms.Neobehaviorismalsobelievesthatthebehavioroforganismscanberegulatedandcontrolledbychangingenvironmentalstimuli.Therewardorpunishmentintheexternalenvironmentwillstrengthensomebehaviorsoforganisms,andthesebehaviorswilldegeneratewithoutthestimulationoftheexternalenvironment(Staats,&Eifert,1977).Onthisbasis,scholarsputforwardincentivemotivationtheoryandsociallearningtheory.Incentivemotivationtheoryholdsthatincentiveisanimportantintermediaryvariablebetweenenvironmentalstimulationandbehavior.Thegreaterthepositiveinfluenceofthestimulus,thegreatertheincentivedisplayedbythestimulus.Thismeansthatstimuliareproducedbyincentiverewardmachinesfororganicbehavior.Sociallearningtheoryholdsthatpeople'slearninginthesocialenvironmentshapespeople'spersonalityandcharacter.Humanbeingsformtheexpectationandvaluejudgmentoftheirbehaviorresultsthroughthecontinuousaccumulationofexperiencestimulatedbytheenvironment,andcarryoutself-regulationonthisbasis.2. Taylorism2.1 InfluenceofmechanismandbehaviorismMechanismshiftsthefocusofpeople'sattentionfromhumanspirittoobjectivematerial.Humanbehaviorbecomestheresultofthemechanicalmovementofobjectivematerial,andevenhumanisacomplexmachine.Taylorismacceptedtheseviewsofmechanicalmaterialism.Taylorismbegantoobjectivelyobservehumanbehaviorandstudythebestactionofeachlinkintheproductionprocess.Taylorismadvocatesimprovingtheefficiencyoftheproductionprocessthroughobservationandscientificaction,andfonulatingthestandardsoftheproductionprocessaccordingtoallscientificactions.Taylor'sscientificmanagementtheoryismechanicalinthedecompositionofproductionprocessandthedesignofproductionaction(Su,2017).Atthesametime,Taylorismalsogivesuptheconsiderationofpeople'sspiritualfeelings.Thesearesimilartotheinfluenceofmechanismonbehaviorism.Behaviorismemphasizesthatthebehavioroforganismsisformedbycontinuouslearninginthestimulationoftheobjectiveenvironment,andbelievesthatinducementisani