2024剑桥雅思讲义Sentence_Completion_Questions_Strategy_Practice.docx

BlIELTSADVANTAGESentenceCompletionQuestionsStrategyPracticeTheenvironmentalimpactOffashionThefashionindustryisoneofthemajorpollutingindustriesintheworld.Theproductionanddistributionofthecrops,fibersandgarmentsusedinfashionallcontributetodifferingformsofenvironmentalpollution,includingwater,air,andsoilpollution.Thetextileindustryisthesecondgreatestpolluteroflocalfreshwaterintheworld.Someofthemainfactorsthatcontributetothisindustrialpollutionarethevastoverproductionoffashionitems,theuseofsyntheticfibers,andtheagriculturalpollutioncausedbytheuseoffashioncrops.ThequantityofnewgarmentsboughtbyAmericanshastripledsincethe1960s.Thisexponentialincreasehascausedtheneedformoreresources,andtheneedforaspeedierprocessinwhichclothesareproduced.Oneofthemaincontributorstotherapidproductionofpollutionistherapidproductionofclothesduetoincreasedconsumption.Everyyeartheworldasawholeconsumesmorethan80billionitemsofclothing.Thoseclothescontributetoresourcepollutionandwastepollutionduetothefactthatmostoftheseitemswillonedaybethrownout.Peopleareconsumingmoreandtheywantitforcheaperprices,andthecompaniesproducingthesecheapitems,whicharemakingaprofit,wanttheclothesasfastaspossible.Thiscreatesatrendcalledfastfashion.Fastfashionisanapproachtothedesign,creation,andmarketingofclothingfashionsthatemphasizesmakingfashiontrendsquicklyandcheaplyavailabletoconsumers.Theideaisthatspeedymassproductioncombinedwithcheaplaborwillmakeclothescheaperforthosebuyingthem,thusleadingtoincreasedsales.Themainconcernwithfastfashionistheclotheswasteitproduces.AccordingtotheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,15.1milliontonsoftextileclothingwastewasproducedin2013alone.Whentextileclothingendsupinlandfills,thechemicalsintheclothes,suchasthedye,cancauseenvironmentalproblemsbecausetheygraduallyseepintotheground.Ontopofthat,thereisalsotheissueofsomuchusedclothingwasteneedingtobedisposedofinaneverincreasingnumberoflandfillsites.Moreover,whenunsoldclothesareburned,acopiousamountofC02isreleasedintotheatmosphere.AsperaWorldResourcesInstitutereport,1.2billiontonsofC02isreleasedintotheatmosphereperyearbythefastfashionindustry.In2019,itwasannouncedthatFrancewasmakinganefforttopreventcompaniesfromcarryingoutthepracticeofincineratingunsoldfashionitems.Nowthatthereisacontinuousincreaseintheamountofclothingthatisconsumed,anotherissuethatarisesisthatalotoftheclothingisnolongermadefromnaturalIELTSADVANTAGESentenceCompletionQuestionsStrategyPracticematerialsandcrops.Clothingusedtobeproducedfrommainly"naturalfibers"suchaswool,cottonorsilk,butnowadaysinexpensivesynthetictextilefiberssuchaspolyesterornylonarebecomingincreasinglycommon.Polyesterisoneofthemostpopularfibersusedinfashiontoday,anditisfoundinabout60%ofgarmentsinretailstores,whichisabout21.3milliontonsofpolyester.Thepopularityofpolyesterkeepsincreasingaswell,ascanbeseenfromthefactthattherewasa157percentincreaseinpolyesterclothingconsumptionfrom2000to2015.Syntheticpolyesterismadefromachemicalreactioninvolvingcoal,petroleum,airandwater.Whencoalisburned,itemitsalargeamountofcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,andtheuseofpetroleumintheprocessreleasesseveralairpollutants,suchasparticulatematter,nitrogenoxides,carbonmonoxide,hydrogensulphideandsulphurdioxide.Moreover,polyesteris"non-biodegradable,',meaningitcanneverbeconvertedintoastatethatisnaturallyfoundinthenaturalworld.Duetoallofthetimeandresourcesittakestomakepolyesteranditneverbeingabletoreverttoastatethatcancontributetoanynaturalnutrientcycles,polyestercanbeconsideredenergyintensivewithnonetgain.Whenpolyesterclothingiswashed,microplastics,whichareextremelysmallpiecesofplasticresultingfromthebreakdownofconsumerproducts,areshedandenterthewatersystem,whichleadstomicropollutioninwaterways,includingoceans.Duetothesmallsizeofthemicropollutants,itiseasyforfishwithinwaterwaystoabsorbthemintheirbodyfat.Thefishcanthenbeconsumedbyhumans,andthesehumanswillalsoabsorbthepolyestermicropollutantsinthefishinaprocesscalledbiomagnification.Whilesyntheticfibershaveasignificantnegativeimpactontheenvironment,naturalfibersalsocontributetopollutionthroughagriculturalpollution.Cottonproductionrequiresalargeamountofpesticidesandwaterusage.Cottonisconsideredtheworld'sdirtiestcropbecauseituses16%oftheworld,spesticides.Twoofthemainingredientsinpesticidesarenitratesandphosphates.Whenthepesticidesleakintostreamsystemssurroundingthecropland,thenitratesandphosphatescontributetowatereutrophication.Watereutrophicationisanenvironmentalphenomenonthatcausesadepletionofoxygenwhenthenutrientoverloadfrompesticidescausesaboominplantgrowthanddeath.Asregardswool,itismadefromthefurofsheep,andsheepareruminantsandhenceproducemethane,whichisaverypotentgreenhousegas.Thesameproblemexistsforleatherascattleareruminantstoo.Fortemperatezones,linen,whichismadefromflax,isconsideredabetteralternative.Hemp,seaweedandbiofabricatedleatherareotheroptionsthatarebecomingincreasinglyviable.IELTSADVANTAGESentenceCompletionQuestionsStrategyPracticeSource:https:en.wikiDedia.orq/Wiki/Environmentalimpac