2024剑桥雅思讲义Fundamentals_Parts_of_Speech.docx

Fundamentals:PartSofSPeeCh°IELTST1ADVANTAGE Phrases(HeadwordsandModifiers) Subject Verb Object Clauses IndependentClause Dependent(Subordinate)Clause Essential(ReStrictive)Clause/Phrase Non-essential(Nonrestrictive)Clause/PhraseWhatisaphrase? Aphraseisoneormorewordsfunctioningasaunitinasentenceoraclause.AphraseisnotacompleteideaWithasubject,verbandpredicate Aphraseusuallycontainsaheadwordandaccompanyingmodifiers. Aheadwordisthemainwordofaphrase Amodifierdescribestheheadword. AmodifiermaycomebeforeoraftertheheadwordTherecanbemorethanonemodifier. Forexample:Anexpensivephone-Inthisexample,honistheheadword,andthereare2modifiers:"arf'and"expensive.Thesemodifiersdescribetheheadword.Somecommontypesofphrase: Nounphrase:alargeblacktable Verbphrase:amstudying Prepositionalphrase:ontheinternet Adjectivephrase:veryeasy Adverbphrase:onlyoccasionally Gerundphrase:Importinggoods(noticehowthegerundhereistheheadword)Whatisasubject? Aperson,animal,place,thing,orconceptthatdoesanaction.Determinethesubjectinasentencebyaskingthequestion“Whoorwhat7,.Forexample:Thebusinessmaninvestsinstocks.(Thebusinessmanisthesubject) Youcannothave2subjectstogether,forexample:Thepartyitwasfun. Thesubjectcanbeanounphrase:3bigIndianelephantswerekeptinazo Thesubjectcanbeagerund:Studyingisfun. Thesubjectcanbeagerundphrase:StudyingEnglishisfun. Thesubjectcanbeacombinationofphrases:StudyingEnglishatIELTSAdvantageisfun. Onemore:StudyingEnglishatIELTSAdvantagewheworkingparttimcforanengineeringfirmisfun.Whatisaverb? AKerbexpresseswhattheperson,animal,place,thing,orconceptdoes.Determinetheverbinasentencebyaskingthequestion“Whatwastheactionorwhathappened? Forexample:Thebusinessmaninvestsinstocks Sometimestherewillbeauxiliaryverbs.Theseareoftenfollowedbytheinfinitiveformofthesecondverb.Forexampie:Weshouldopenabusiness. Donotfollowmodalverbs%riththeingformofaverb.Thisisacommonmistake.Whatisanobject? Anobjectisaperson,animal,place,thing,orconceptthatreceivestheaction.DeterminetheobjectinasentencebyaskingthequestionTowhomorwhat?/Forwhomorwhat? Forexample:Thebusinessmaninvestsinstocks JustlikeSUbjeCtSobjectscangetquitelong.Forexample:Thebusinessmaninvestsinstocksthatotherpeopledonothaveconfidencein.Whatisaclause? Aclauseisapartfasentencethatcontainsatleastasubjectandaverb. Aclausemayalsocontainanobject Forexample:,HestudieJ(subject+verb)HestudiesEnglish(subject+erb+object)Somecommontypesofclauses: Independentclause Dependent(Subordinate)clause Essential(ReStrictive)clause Non-essential(NOn-restrictive)clauseWhatisanindependentclause?Independentclause:Anindependentdausecanstandaloneasasentence.Itcontainsasubjectandaverb(andoftenanobject)andisacompleteideaThegovernmentprioritizessocialwelfareVoterturnoutasdecreased.Whatisadependent(subordinate)clause? Dependentclause:Adependentclauseisnotacompletesentence.Itmustbeattachedtoanindependentclausetobecomecomplete.Thisisalsoknownasasubordinateclause.Itstillcontainsasubjectandaverb(andoftenanobject). Althoughthegovernmentprioritizessocialreform, Becausevoterturnouthasdecreased, Despitetherisingtemperatures, Whenairfaresdecreased,Whatisanessential(restrictive)clausehrase? Arestrictiveclause/phrasecontainsinformationthatisessentialtodeliverthemeaningintended. Thereshouldbenocommasbeforeandaftertheclause.Forexample: Icanrememberatimewhentherewerenosmartphones. Thebookonthetableisveryinteresting.Whatisanon-essential(non-reStrictive)clause/phrase? Anon-restrictiveclause/phraseaddsinformationthatisnotessentialtothemeaningofasentence. Acommaisrequiredbeforeandaftertheclause.Forexample: Thetriwhichlaststwoweeks,WflIbeagreatculturalexperience. Theauthor;WilliamShakespeare,wroteover30plays.