the-internet-of-things.docx

3.theinternetofthings3.物联网In2005,theconceptoftheInternetofThings(IoT)enteredthelimelight.TheIoTshouldbedesignedtoconnecttheworld,Sobjectsinasensorymanner.Theapproachistotagthingsthroughradiofrequencyidentification(RFID),feelthingsthroughsensorsandwirelessnetworks,andthinkthingsbybuildingembeddedsystemsthatinteractwithhumanactivities.(-2005,物联网概念进入了聚光灯下。物联网应该被设计用来连接世界的物体以感觉的方式。该方法是通过射频识别(射频识别)的东西，感受到的东西，通过传感器和无线网络，并认为事情通过构建嵌入式系统与人类活动的互动。I.ubiquitouscomputingI.无处不在的计算Ubiquitouscomputingisapost-desktopmodelofhuman-computerinteractioninwhichinformationprocessingisintegratedintoeverydayobjectsandactivities.Fordailyactivities,peoplemayengageinusingmanypervasivedevicessimultaneously.Theymaynotevenbeawareoftheexistenceoftheinteractivedevices.Althoughtheideaissimple,itsapplicationisdifficult.Ifallobjectsintheworldwereequippedwithminusculeidentifyingdevices,dailylifeonourplanetcouldundergoamajortransformation.普适计算是一种将信息处理集成到日常的对象和活动中的人机交互的桌面模型。对于日常活动，人们可以同时使用许多普适的设备。他们甚至可能不知道互动设备的存在。虽然想法很简单，但它的应用很难。如果世界上所有的物体都配备了minusculeidentifying设备，日常生活在我们的行星可能经历一个重大转变。TheIoTcannotberealizedwithoutsystemsdesignandengineering,anduserinterfaces.Contemporaryhuman-computerinteractionmodels,whethercommand-line,menu-driven,orGUI-based,areinappropriateandinadequatetomeetubiquitouscomputingdemands.ThenaturalIoTparadigmappropriatetoaubiquitouscomputingworldhasyettoemerge.Contemporarydevicesthatlendsupporttoubiquitouscomputingincludesmartphones,tabletcomputers,sensornetworks,RFIDtags,smartcards,GPSdevices,andothers.没有系统的设计和工程，以及用户界面，物联网是无法实现的。现代人机交互模型，无论是命令行、菜单驱动还是基于图形界面的，都是不恰当的，不足以满足普适计算的需求。一个无处不在的计算世界的自然物联网模式尚未出现。现代的设备，支持无处不在的计算，包括智能手机，平板电脑，传感器网络，无线射频识别标签，智能卡，全球定位系统设备，和其他。Inubiquitouscomputing,theIoTprovidesanetworkofsensor-orradio-connecteddevicesthatcanbeuniquelyidentifiedandlocatedinthecyber-physicalspace.ThisIoTismostlywirelesslyconnectedasaself-configuringnetworkofradio-frequencytags,low-costsensors,ore-labels.Theterm"IoT"combinesRFlDtechnologywithtoday,SIPv6-basedInternettechnology.Allthings(objects)haveIPaddresses,whichcanbeuniquelyidentified.TheIP-identifiableobjectsarereadable,recognizable,locatable,addressable,and/orcontrollableviatheInternet,aidedbyRFID,Wi-Fi,ZigBee,mobilenetworks,andGPS.intheiotprovidesubiquitousComputing,无线传感器网络连通或OfUniqUelyDevicesandthatcanbelocatedintheidentified网络物理空间。这是你iotiswirelessly连通网络自配置无线电频率标签，低成本的传感器，或电子标签。术语“动”的方式与今天的RFlD技术的基于IPv6的网络技术。AllThingshave(对象)的IP地址,whichcanbeidentifieduniquelytheobjectsare转换为IP寻址IoCatablerecognizable,和/或通过辅助COmrOIlabIebytheInternet,RFID,ZigBee>Wi-Fi、GPS和移动网络。II. EnablingandSynergisticTechnologieslb启用和协同技术ManytechnologiescanbeappliedtobuildtheIoTinfrastructureandspecificIoTsystemsforspecialapplicationdomains.Supportivetechnologiesaredividedintotwocategories.EnablingtechnologiesbuildupthefoundationsoftheIoT.Amongtheenablingtechnologies,tracking(RFID),sensornetworks,andGPSarecritical.许多技术可以应用于构建物联网基础设施和特定的物联网系统的特殊应用领域。支持技术分为2类。有利的技术建立了物联网的基础。在有利的技术，跟踪(射频识别)，传感器网络，和全球定位系统是至关重要的。RFIDisappliedwithelectroniclabelsorRFIDtagsonanyobjectsbeingmonitoredortracked.Thetagsmaybeappliedtoanyobjects,suchasmerchandise,tools,smartphones,computers,animals,orpeople.Thepurposeistoidentifyandtracktheobjectsusingradiowavesorsensingsignals.Sometagscanbereadfromtensorhundredsofmetersawayviaawirelessreader.MostRFIDtagscontainatleasttwom¾orparts.Oneisanintegratedcircuitforstoringandprocessinginformation,modulatinganddemodulatingaradio-frequency(RF)signal,andotherspecialfunctions.Theotherpartisanantennaforreceivingandtransmittingtheradiosignals.在任何被监视或跟踪的物体上应用电子标签或射频识别标签。标签可以应用于任何对象，如商品、工具、智能手机、计算机、动物或人。目的是利用无线电波或感应信号来识别和跟踪物体。一些标签可以读取从几十或几百米以外通过无线阅读器。大多数的射频识别标签包含至少2个主要部分。一个集成电路用于存储和处理信息，调制方式解调射频(RF)信号，和其他特殊功能。另一部分是接收和发射无线电信号的天线。Today,Ssensornetworksaremostlywireless,andareknownaswirelesssensornetworks(WSNs).AtypicalWSNconsistsofSpatiallydistributedautonomoussensorstoCooperativelymonitorphysicalorenvironmentalconditions,suchastemperature,sound,vibration,pressure,motion,orpollutants.Thedevelopmentofwirelesssensornetworkswasmotivatedbymilitaryapplicationssuchasbattlefieldsurveillance.WSNtechnologyisnowusedinmanyindustrialandcivilianapplicationareas,includingprocessmonitoringandcontrol,machinehealthmonitoring,environmentandhabitatmonitoring,healthcareandhomeautomation,andintelligenttrafficcontrol.今天的传感器网络大多是无线的，被称为无线传感器网络(无线传感器网络)。一个典型的无线传感器网络由Spatiallydistributed自治传感器CooperativeIymonitor物理或环境条件，如温度、声音、振动、压力、运动、或污染物。无线传感器网络的发展是出于军事应用，如战场监视。无线传感器网络技术己应用于许多工业和民用领域，包括过程监测与控制、机器健康监测、环境与生境监测、卫生保健及家庭自动化、智能交通控制等。TheGPSwasdevelopedin1973bytheU.S.AirForce.SimilardevelopmentshavealsooccurredintheEuropeanUnion,Russia,andChina.Since1994,adegradedGPShasbeenmadeavailableforcivilianapplicationsinprovidingreliablepositioning,navigation,andtimingservices.ForanyonewithaGPSreceiver,thesystemwillprovideaccuratelocationandtimeinformationforanunlimitednumberofusersinallweatherconditions,dayandnight,anywhereintheworld.全球定位系统是由美国空军1973。欧洲联盟、俄罗斯和中国也出现了类似的发展情况。自1994以来，已经取得了一个退化的全球定位