托福作文写作范文详解eginnin.docx
托福作文写作范文详解ReadingTheUnitedKingdom(sometimesreferredtoasBritain)hasalongandrichhistoryofhumansettlement.Tracesofbuildings,tools,andartcanbefoundfromperiodsgoingbackmanythousandsofyears:fromtheStoneAgezthroughtheBronzeAgeztheIronAgezthetimeoftheRomancolonization,theMiddleAges7uptothebeginningsoftheindustrialage.Yetformostofthetwentiethcentury,thescienceofarchaeology-dedicatedtouncoveringandstudyingoldculturalartifactswasfacedwithseriousproblemsandlimitationsinBritain.Firstzmanyvaluableartifactswerelosttoconstructionprojects.ThegrowthofBritain'spopulation,especiallyfromthe1950son,spurredalotofnewconstructioninBritishcities,towns,andvillages.Whilediggingfoundationsfornewbuildings,thebuildersoftenuncoveredarchaeologicallyvaluablesites.Usually,howeverztheyproceededwiththeconstructionanddidnotpreservetheartifacts.Manyarchaeologicallypreciousartifactswerethereforedestroyed.Second,manyarchaeologistsfeltthatthefinancialsupportforarchaeologicalresearchwasinadequate.Formostofthetwentiethcentury,archaeologywasfundedmostlythroughgovernmentfundsandgrants,whichallowedarchaeologiststoinvestigateahandfulofthemostimportantsitesbutwhichlefthundredsofotherinterestingprojectswithoutsupport.Furthermore,changinggovernmentprioritiesbroughtaboutperiodicreductionsinfunding.Thirdzitwasdifficulttohaveacareerinarchaeology.Archaeologyjobsweretobefoundatuniversitiesorwithafewgovernmentagencies,buttherewerenevermanypositionsavailable.Manypeoplewhowantedtobecomearchaeologistsendeduppursuingothercareersandcontributingtoarchaeologicalresearchonlyasunpaidamateurs.ListeningIn1990znewrulesandguidelineswereadoptedinUnitedKingdomandthathadchangedthewholefeelofArchaeologyinthatcountry.Thenewguidelinesimprovedthesituationinall3areasdiscussedinthepassage.Firstzthenewguidelinesstatethatbeforeanyconstructionprojectcanstartztheconstructionsitehastobeexaminedbyarchaeologiststoseewhetherthesiteisofarchaeologicalinterestorvalue.Ifthesiteisofarchaeologicalinterest,thenextstepisforthebuilders,archaeologistsandlocalgovernmentofficialstogettogetherandmakeaplanforpreservingthearchaeologicalartifacts,eitherbybuildingaroundthemorbyexcavatingadocumentinthemproperlybeforetheconstructionisallowedtoproceed.Second,animportantpartofnewguidelinesistherulethatanyarchaeologicalworkdoneontheconstructionsitewillbepaidforbytheconstructioncompanynotbythegovernment.Theconstructioncompanyhastopayfortheinitialexaminationofthesitezandthenforalltheworkcarriedoutunderthepreservationplan.Thisiswholenewsourceoffinancialsupport.Thefundingfromtheconstructioncompanyhasallowedresearcherstostudyafargreatrangeofarchaeologicalsitesthantheycouldinpast.Lastzthenewguidelinesprovidealotofpaidworkforarchaeologists,workthatdidztexistbefore.Expertarchaeologistsarenowhiredallstageoftheprocesstoexaminethesiteforarchaeologicalvalue,thenhavetodropthepreservationplantodotheresearcherandprofessionalscientificmannerandfinallytoprocessthedataandwritereportsandarticles.TheincreasedjobcareeropportunitiesinArchaeologyhaveincreasedthenumberprofessionalarchaeologistsinBritainwhichisnowthehighestit'severbeen.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:ArchaeologywasfacedwithproblemsinBritain.Subpoint1:Valuableartifactwerelostinconstruction.Subpoint2:Financialsupporttoarchaeologyisfeltinadequate.Subpoint3:Itisdifficulttohaveacareerinarchaeology.LectureAttitude:Newguidelineshaveimprovedthesituation.SubPoint1:Archaeologistexaminesbuildingbeforeconstruction.(Makeaplan)SubPoint2:Companypaysforthearchaeologicalworkatconstruction.(Newfinancialsupport.)SubPoint3:Lotofpaidworkforarchaeologists.(HighestnumberinBritain.)二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1ThewriterofthereadingpassagepointedoutthatarchaeologyinBritainhadseriousproblemsandlimitations,whereastheprofessorassertedtheoppositebyintroducingnewguidelines,implementedbyUKin1990zthataresaidtohaveimprovedthesituationofarchaeology.此段功能:(Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替)(Readingpassage后文用R代替)以L的观点为主要观点,R的观点是,考古业在英国有十分多问题,但是L补充说1990的新条例已经改变了行业现状。此段结构:作者分别总结了R观点和L观点,并指出L持相反意见Paragraph2First,thenewguidelinesprovidethataconstructionsitebeexaminedofitsarchaeologicalinterestbeforeanyprojectplannedonitcanproceed.Ifthesiteholdsarchaeologicalvalue,relevantpartiesmustprovideapreservationplantoprotectitsvalue.Thismeasuresuccessfullyaddressesthefirstproblemmentionedinthereading:thelossofpreciousartifactsresultingfromconstructionprojects.此段功能:以L中的新政策起头,建筑工地首先要经过考古人员勘测才能动工。在有文物的地方,相关部门必须做出保护计划。这项新措施有力的保护了R中的漏洞,珍贵文物不会被随意摧毁了。此段结构:此段为分总结构,先写L中的新政策,再写具体措施。指出其修补的R的漏洞,达到反驳R的目的。Paragraph3Second,thenewguidelinesstatethattheconstructioncompaniesmustfundanyarchaeologicalworkdoneontheconstructionsite,fromtheinitialexaminationtothefollowingworkunderthepreservationplan.Thisruleprovidesanewsourceoffinancialsupportforarchaeologists.Italsoallowsmorearchaeologicalsitestobestudied,whichsolvesanotherproblemlistedinthereading:inadequatefunding.此段功能:还是以L的新政策起头,新政规定公司必须资助工地的考古行动,从开始检测到完善计划。这样就给考古业开辟了一个新的资金资助。从而解决了R中的问题:对考古业不公平的资助。此段结构:此段为分总结构。还是先写L中的新政策,再写具