西方经济学英文版.ppt

参考书： Paul A. Samuelson, William D. Nordhaus Economics, 18 Edition The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2005 中国人民邮电出版社Unit 1: Nature and scope of economics Unit 2: Theory of demand Unit 3: Theory of supply Unit 4: Price determination Unit 5: Elasticity of demand Unit 6: Price elasticity of supply Unit 7: Economies of large scale production and existence of small firmsUnit 8: Production cost Unit 9: Perfect Competition Unit 10: Monopoly Unit 11: Monopolistic competitionUnit 12: OligopolyUnit 13: Consumer price index-CPIUnit 14: Central bank-monetary policy Unit 15: InflationUnit 16: UnemploymentUnit 17: Role of government _ fiscal policy Unit 18: National income accountingUnit 19: National income application- standard of livingUnit 20: Keynes theory of income and employmentUnit 21: International tradeUnit 22: Free trade and protection 1.1 What is Economics? 1.2 Various Definitions of Economics 1.3 Branches of Economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics 1.4 The Basic Economic Problems 1.5 Concept of Opportunity Cost 1.6 Production Possibility Curve (PPC) 1.7 Review Questions Everywhere human beings are found to make efforts and earn money and then spend this money to satisfy their wants. Therefore, the activities concerning the earning and spending of wealth are studied under Economics. (Eco.) Adam Smith Economics is a study of an enquiry into the nature and causes of wealth of nations. J.S. Mills Economics is a study of the practical science of the production and distribution of wealth. L. Robbins Economics is a science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between end and scarce means which have alternative uses. Richard Lipsey : Modern eco. concerns: - a) The allocation of a societys resources among alternative uses and the distribution of the societys output among individuals and group. b) The ways in which production and distribution changes over time. c) The efficient and inefficiencies of economic systems. General Definition Economics is a study of how people allocate their limited resources such as land, labour and capital to provide for their unlimited wants. Microeconomics studies the economic decision making of firms and individuals in a market setting. The issues that are studied under Microeconomic analysis are: a) How consumers behave. b) How business firms make choices. c) How prices are determined in the markets. d) How taxes and price controls affect consumers and producers. e) How the structure of markets affect economic performance. f) How wages, interest rates, rent and profits are determined. g) How income is distributed among families. Macroeconomics is a study of economy as a whole and it concerns the relationship among aggregate (total) measures. The issues that are studied under macroeconomic analysis are: a) National Income. b) Nations money supply and money demand. c) The value of money. d) Inflation and its determinants. e) Macroeconomic objectives such as price stability, full employment, Balance of Payments and Economic growth. f) Government policies (e.g. Monetary and Fiscal Policies). g) Public Finance (e.g. Government revenue and expenditure). In an economy, people have unlimited desire for goods and services (g & s), i.e. unlimited wants, but the resources in the world are limited and so we cannot satisfy all our wants and are forced to choose as to which goods to produce. Therefore, scarcity and choice or limited resources and unlimited wants sum up the basic economic problem. Choice is determined by: i. Scale of preference ii. Opportunity cost We can summarise this idea into the following figure: As we are faced with the problem of scarcity, there are 3 important economic decisions to be considered. i) What goods & services to be produced and in what quantity i.e. how much to be produced? This concerns with the allocation of scarce resources among alternative uses. ii) How or by what method goods & services should be produced? This concerns with choosing the most efficient method of production. iii) For whom are goods & services to be produced, i.e. who are to enjoy the goods & services produced? This concerns with the distribution of such goods & services. Opportunity cost of satisfying a want is the next best alternative that has to be forgone, (i.e. the cost of giving up something in order to obtain something else.) E.g. A person has $5 and he can spend on chocolate or chewing gum or a combination of both. Price of a bar of chocolate = $0.50 Price of a bar of chewing gum = $0.20 Chocolate Chewing gum 10 0 8 5 6 10 4 15 2 20 0 25 There are 6 attainable combinations available to him using all his money. Assuming that he is consuming 6 bars of chocolate and 10 bars of chewing gum, the opportunity cost of the 8th bar of chocolate is what he must give up in order to get that 8th bar, which in this case is 5 bars of chewing gum. (10-5) The line on the above diagram shows a constant opportunity cost of consuming 2 additional bars of chocolate is 5 bars of chewing gum. Opportun