美国名人 建筑大师 路易斯·康.docx

美国名人建筑大师路易斯康1.ouisKahn,1901-1974:HeHelpedDefineModernArchitectureplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:43repeatByDanaDemange2009-12-12VOICEONE:mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:AndmBarbaraKleinwiththeVOASpecialEnglishprogramPEOP1.EINAMERICA.Today,wetellabout1.ouisKahn.HeisconsideredoneofthemostimportantAmericanbuildingdesignersofthetwentiethcentury.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:1.ouisKahnhelpeddefinemodernarchitecture.Architectureistheartandscienceofdesigningandbuildingstructuressuchashouses,museums,andofficebuildings.Kahn'sarchitecturehasseveraldefiningqualities.Forexample,Kahnwasveryinterestedinthelookandfeelofthematerialsheused.Heusedbrickandconcreteinnewandspecialways.Kahnalsopaidcarefulattentiontotheuseofsunlight.Helikednaturallighttoenterhisbuildingsthroughinterestingkindsofwindowsandopenings.Kahn'sworkcanalsobeidentifiedbyhiscreativeuseofgeometricshapes.Manyofhisbuildingsusesquares,circlesandthreesidedshapescalledtriangles.1.ouisKahnVOICETWO:1.ouisKahnwasborninEstoniainnineteen-oh-one.WhenhewasfiveyearsoldhisfamilymovedtoPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.Evenasachild,1.ouisKahnshowedexcellenceasanartist.Whenhewasinschoolhispictureswonseveralcompetitionsorganizedbythecity.InhighschoolKahnstudiedarchitecturebriefly.HelaterwenttotheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandstudiedarchitecturefulltime.Hegraduatedinnineteentwenty-four.1.ouisKahn'sbuildingshavemanyinfluences.SomeexpertssayhistriptoRome,Italyinnineteenfifty-oneinfluencedhimthemost.KahnspentafewmonthsasanarchitectwiththeAmericanAcademyinRome.HealsotraveledthroughotherpartsofItaly,GreeceandEgypt.There,hesawtheancientGreekandRomanruinsthatalsowouldinfluencehisworks.Hewasveryaffectedbythesizeanddesignoftheseruins.Theyhelpedinfluencehimtodevelopanarchitecturethatcombinesbothmodernandancientdesigns.OtherexpertsbelieveKahnwasalsoinfluencedbythepartofPhiladelphiawherehegrewup.Thereweremanyfactorybuildingswithlargewindows.Thesebrickstructureswereverysolid.ThisindustrialdesignisapparentinseveralofKahn'searlyworks.VOICEONE:Kahn'sfirstprojectsinvolvedbuildinghousinginPhiladelphia.HelaterreceivedgovernmentjobstodesignhousingduringWorldWarTwo.Innineteenforty-two,hebecameaheadarchitectofthePublicBuildingAdministration.Kahn'sfirstimportantprojectwastheYaleArtGalleryinNewHaven,Connecticutintheearlynineteenfifties.Theoutsideofthebuildingisverysimple.Thesurfaceismadeofbrickandlimestone.StaircaseatYaleUniversityArtGalleryTheinsideofthegalleryshowsKahn'sgreatartisticsense.Forexample,hecreatedatriangle-shapedwalkwayofstepsthatsitsinsidearoundedconcreteshell.Thisbuildingwasverypopular.ItscompletionrepresentedanimportantstepinKahn'sprofessionallife.Hewasnowafamousarchitect.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:OneofKahn'sotherimportantbuildingsistheSalkInstitute,aresearchcenterin1.aJollazCalifornia.Itwasbuiltinthenineteensixties.ThisstructurefurthershowshowKahnwasabletouniteformandfunction.Thismeanshisbuildingswerebeautifulandalsouseful.TheSalkInstitutehastwostructuresthatsurroundamarblegardenareaorcourtyard.Thisoutdoormarbleareaisalmostcompletelybare.TheonlydetailisasmallstreamofwaterrunningthroughthemiddleofthesquaretowardsthePacificOcean.Thissimpledesignisverystriking.Insidethebuildingaremanyroomsforlaboratories.Kahnwasverycarefultomakesuretheyallreceivednaturallightandaviewoftheocean.Helinkedtheindoorandoutdoorspacesinaverybeautifulway.VOICEONE:TheKimbellArtMuseuminFortWorth,Texasisanotherfamousbuildingby1.ouisKahn.Somesayitishisbest.Kahnbuiltthismuseumintheearlynineteenseventies.Thislargemuseumhaslongroomswithcurvedorvaultedceilings.Inside,allofthewallscanbemovedtobestfittheartcollection.Kahnwasabletomaketheconcretematerialofthebuildinglookbothsolidandairy.Heusedsunlightandbodiesofwatertocreateatrulyspecialbuilding.KahnoncesaidthisabouttheKimbellArtMuseum:"Thebuildingfeels.thatIhadnothingtodowithit.thatsomeotherhanddidit."Thearchitectseemstosaythathewashelpedbysomehigherinfluence.Manypeoplefeelthathisarchitecturehasaveryspiritualandtimelessquality.Kahnmostlycreatedpublicbuildingssuchasmuseumsandlibraries.However,healsodesignedafewhouses.HismostfamoushomeistheFisherhousenearPhiladelphia.Itismadeofseveralbox-shapedbuildings.Thehouseismadeoutofglass,woodandstone.Manywindowsprovideaviewofthenearbytrees.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Dhakagovernmentcenter1.ouisKahnalsodesignedbuildingsinothercountries,includingIndiaandBangladesh.HislargestprojectwasaseriesofbuildingsthatwouldbecomethegovernmentcenterofDhaka,Bangladesh.Thisstructureincludestheparliament,meetingrooms,offices,eatingplacesandevenareligiouscenter.Thisseriesofbuildingslookslikeanancienthomeforkings.Hugeroundedandbox-likebuildingshavewindowsintheshapeofcirclesandtriangles.Thestructureissurroundedbywater.Fromadistance,itappearstofloatonalake.Kahnspentthelasttwelveyearsofhislifeontheproject.Itwascompletedinnineteeneighty-threeznineyearsafterhisdeath.BecauseofKahn,expertssay,oneofthepoorestcountriesintheworldhasoneofthemostbeautifulpublicbuildingsonEarth.AllofKahn'sbuildingsshareacommonsolidityandheaviness.Expertssayth