绘制美国活动中心的地图（英）.docx

OCTOBER2022BBrookingsMetroANNETANORoeUUHBASSCENTER11MTRANSFORMATIVEP1.ACEMAKIMOMAPPINGAMERICAjSACTIVITYCENTERS:THEBUI1.DINGB1.OCKSOFPROSPEROUS,EQUITAB1.E,ANDSUSTAINAB1.EREGIONSTracyHadden1.oh,DWRowlands,AdieTomer,JosephKane,andJenniferVeyCONTENTIntroduction3Whydoesthegeographyofactivitymatter?5Whatareactivitycenters?7Ourmethodology8Keyfindingsfromouractivitycenteranalysis13Finding1:Activitycentersaremoreactive,containinganoutsizedshareofmetropolitanassets13Finding2:Activitycentersaremoreproductive,withgreaterdensityleadingtohighergrossmetropolitanproduct16Finding3:Activitycentersaremorevaluable,withhighercommercialandresidentialrealestateassessments17Finding4:Activitycentersaremoreaccessibleandinclusivetometroarearesidents18Finding5:Activitycentershavemoresustainabletraveloutcomes,withlessdrivingandmorewalkingandbiking22Implicationsforpractice25Implication1:Nurturingaproductive,innovativeeconomicecosystem25Implication2:Supportinganaccessible,flexible,andsustainablebuiltenvironment26Implication3:Fosteringaninclusiveandequitablesocialenvironment26Implication4:Encouragingalocallyorganizedcivicinfrastructure26Conclusionandareasforfutureresearch27Acknowledgements28IntroductionAsthesayinggoes,threethingsmatterinrealestate:location,location,location.Citiesandmetropolitanareasarebuiltaroundassetssuchastransportationnodes,employmenthubs,culturalattractions,politicalandreligiousinstitutions,andhealthfacilitiesallofwhichtendtoclusterinspecificlocations.Theabilitytodeveloptheplacesthatconcentratetheseassetshasalwaysbeenakeyingredienttobuildingproductiveandthrivingmetroareas.Butafterdecadesofsuburbanization,activitydoesnotconcentrateinthesamewaysitoncedid.Metropolitanareasarenolongerstructuredalongalinearcontinuum,fanningoutwardfromadistinctdowntowntoedgelesssuburbiatoruralcountrysidedottedwithafewtowncenters.Theyinsteadcontainconstellationsofasset-richplaces,typicallysurroundedbyhousing-onlydevelopmentsoramixofresidentialandcommercialsprawl.1Thislong-standingconceptofmetropolitangeographyasalinefromasingularurbancentertosuburbstofarms-andconceivingofthesuburbsasexclusivelyresidentialplacesisnolongeraccurateintheageofAmericanmegaregions.Overtime,thedispersionofassetsandactivitieshasstretchedthedistancesbetweenpeopleandopportunity,oftenleadingtogreatereconomicandracialinequality.2Morerecently,theemergenceofrapidtelecommunicationsandaglobalpandemichaveledtonewuncertaintiesaboutwhatkindsofplaceswillbeindemandinthefuture.Atatimewheneconomicandclimate-relateddisruptionsseemtocomeevermorefrequently,itiseasytolosetrackofthefactthatthebuiltenvironmentchangesquiteslowly.Assuch,industrial,cultural,andenvironmentalshiftsinthedecadestocomewillprimarilyoccurwithinexistingplacesandalongsidetheinfrastructurewe,vealreadycreated.But,asinthepast,theimpactsofthoseshifts-forgoodandforill-willstillbeinfluencedbythechoiceswemaketodayregardinghowandwhereweprioritizefutureinvestments.Allthismakesitessentialthatthefieldofmetropolitandevelopmentparticularly,practitionersandappliedresearchershasacontemporaryunderstandingofwhatpeopleandtheeconomyneedfromplace,howthoseneedsexpressthemselvesonthelandscape,andhow,then,thefieldshouldrespondtothem.Inotherwords,weneedtoestablishbothanewmapandanewvocabularyforAmericaneconomicgeography.Onemajorobstacleisthatthereisnoconsistentschemetocomparewhereactivityconcentrateswithinmetropolitanareasorwhatkindsofplaceswithwhattypesofattributes-canbestsupportsharedprosperityandresilience.Inthisreport,weintroduceanewmethodologytolocateandcharacterizeactivitycenters:placeswithinregionswhereeconomic,physical,social,andcivicassetsclusterataclearlydefinedhyperlocalscale.3Wepresentatypologyofactivitycenters,maptheirlocationswithinthe110U.S.metropolitanstatisticalareas(MSAs)withatleast500,000residentsusingcensusblockgroups,andanalyzethosecenterstohelpplanners,realestateprofessionals,andelectedleadersbetterunderstandhowandwhytheymatter.Wefindthat: Metropolitanareasconcentrateassetsinactivitycenters.Withinthemetropolitanareasinourstudy,activitycentersoccupyjust3%ofallland,yetholdafarhighershareofassetsandtheirassociatedactivities.Forexample,40%ofallprivatesectorjobslocatewithinactivitycenters,andinstitutionalassetsincludingcollegeanduniversitystudents,hospitalbeds,andmajorintercitytransportationnodesarealmostexclusivelyfoundintheseareas. Metropolitanareasthatconcentratejobsinactivitycentersaremoreproductive.Ouranalysisrevealedaclearandpositiverelationshipbetweenactivitycenterjobdensityandproductivity,asmeasuredbygrossmetropolitanproduct(GMP)perworker.Every1,000jobspersquaremileinametroarea'smedianactivitycenterwasassociatedwithanadditional$11723inoutputperworkeracrossthemetroarea. Activitycentersyieldavaluepremium.Activitycentershavefourtimesthecommercialrealestateassessedvaluerelativetodevelopedlandarea.Fortwo-thirdsofmetroa